Literature References
Published pharmacokinetic studies used to derive clearance, volume of distribution, and protein binding parameters for each antibiotic.
Cefepime
- Barreto EF, Chang J, Rule AD, et al. Population pharmacokinetic model of cefepime for critically ill adults: a comparative assessment of eGFR equations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023;67(11):e0081023. [PubMed]
Piperacillin/Tazobactam
- Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M, et al. Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients. Chest 2012;142(1):30-39. [PubMed]
Meropenem
- Kees MG, Minichmayr IK, Ganter C, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem during continuous infusion in surgical ICU patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2016;56(3):307-315. [PubMed]
Ceftazidime
- Georges B, Conil JM, Cougot P, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73(4):588-596. [PubMed]
Ampicillin
- Blum RA, Kohli RK, Harrison NJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam coadministered to subjects with normal and abnormal renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(9):1470-1476. [PubMed]
Vancomycin
- Matzke GR, McGory RW, Halstenson CE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25(4):433-437. [PubMed]
- Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious MRSA infections: A revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(11):835-864. [PubMed]
Cefazolin
- Lavillaureix J, Brogard JM, Pinget M, Ledoux F. Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Infection 1975;3(2):105-114. [PubMed]
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam
- Wooley M, Miller B, Krishna G, et al. Impact of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(4):2249-2255. [PubMed]
Penicillin G
- Bryan CS, Stone WJ. Comparable intravascular effects of penicillin G and other antibiotics. J Clin Pharmacol 1975;15:533-535.
Cefiderocol
- Katsube T, Wajima T, Ishibashi T, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of cefiderocol, a parenteral siderophore cephalosporin, for dose adjustment based on renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(1):e01381-16. [PubMed]
- Katsube T, Echols R, Wajima T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69(Suppl 7):S552-S558. [PubMed]
- Sime FB, Kawaguchi N, Engel C, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefiderocol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022;61(2):165-176. [PubMed]
Ceftaroline
- Chauzy A, Gregoire N, Ferrandiere M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study suggests continuous infusion of ceftaroline daily dose in ventilated critical care patients with early-onset pneumonia and augmented renal clearance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77(11):3173-3179. [PubMed]
Daptomycin
- Dvorchik BH, Arbeit RD, Chung J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2799-2807. [PubMed]
Levofloxacin
- Roberts JA, Cotta MO, Cojutti P, et al. Does critical illness change levofloxacin pharmacokinetics? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016;60(3):1459-1463. [PubMed]
Linezolid
- Soraluce A, Asín-Prieto E, Rodríguez-Gascón A, et al. Novel population pharmacokinetic model for linezolid in critically ill patients and evaluation of the current dosing recommendations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12(1):54. [PubMed]
Imipenem
- Jaruratanasirikul S, Boonpeng A, Nawakitrangsan M, Samaeng M. NONMEM population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo dosing simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients with life-threatening severe infections during support with or without ECMO. Pharmacotherapy 2021;41(7):572-597. [PubMed]
Aminoglycoside PK
- Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650-655.
- Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(3):650-655. [PubMed]
- Kashuba ADM, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr. Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(3):623-629. [PubMed]
General PK Equations
- Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1):31-41. [PubMed]
- Grubb A, Nyman U, Bjork J. Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate. Clin Chem 2005;51(9):1420-1431.
- Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(6):461-470.
- Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650-655.
Complete Bibliography
- Barreto EF, Chang J, Rule AD, et al. Population pharmacokinetic model of cefepime for critically ill adults: a comparative assessment of eGFR equations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023;67(11):e0081023. [PubMed]
- Blum RA, Kohli RK, Harrison NJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam coadministered to subjects with normal and abnormal renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(9):1470–1476. [PubMed]
- Bryan CS, Stone WJ. Comparable intravascular effects of penicillin G and other antibiotics. J Clin Pharmacol 1975;15:533–535.
- Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1):31–41. [PubMed]
- Chauzy A, Gregoire N, Ferrandiere M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study suggests continuous infusion of ceftaroline daily dose in ventilated critical care patients with early-onset pneumonia and augmented renal clearance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77(11):3173–3179. [PubMed]
- Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650–655.
- DuBois D, DuBois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 1916;17:863–871.
- Dvorchik BH, Arbeit RD, Chung J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2799–2807. [PubMed]
- Georges B, Conil JM, Cougot P, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73(4):588–596. [PubMed]
- Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med 2021;385(19):1737–1749. [PubMed]
- Katsube T, Wajima T, Ishibashi T, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of cefiderocol, a parenteral siderophore cephalosporin, for dose adjustment based on renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(1):e01381-16. [PubMed]
- Katsube T, Echols R, Wajima T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69(Suppl 7):S552–S558. [PubMed]
- Kees MG, Minichmayr IK, Ganter C, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem during continuous infusion in surgical ICU patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2016;56(3):307–315. [PubMed]
- Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med 2012;367(1):20–29. [PubMed]
- Jaruratanasirikul S, Boonpeng A, Nawakitrangsan M, Samaeng M. NONMEM population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo dosing simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 2021;41(7):572–597. [PubMed]
- Kashuba ADM, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr. Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(3):623–629. [PubMed]
- Lavillaureix J, Brogard JM, Pinget M, Ledoux F. Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Infection 1975;3(2):105–114. [PubMed]
- Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(6):461–470.
- Matzke GR, McGory RW, Halstenson CE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25(4):433–437. [PubMed]
- Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(3):650–655. [PubMed]
- Pistolesi V, Morabito S, Di Mario F, et al. A guide to understanding antimicrobial drug dosing in critically ill patients on renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 2019;47(4):292–307.
- Roberts JA, Cotta MO, Cojutti P, et al. Does critical illness change levofloxacin pharmacokinetics? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016;60(3):1459–1463. [PubMed]
- Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(11):835–864. [PubMed]
- Sime FB, Kawaguchi N, Engel C, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefiderocol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022;61(2):165–176. [PubMed]
- Soraluce A, Asín-Prieto E, Rodríguez-Gascón A, et al. Novel population pharmacokinetic model for linezolid in critically ill patients and evaluation of the current dosing recommendations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12(1):54. [PubMed]
- Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M, et al. Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients. Chest 2012;142(1):30–39. [PubMed]
- Wooley M, Miller B, Krishna G, et al. Impact of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(4):2249–2255. [PubMed]