Literature References

Published pharmacokinetic studies used to derive clearance, volume of distribution, and protein binding parameters for each antibiotic.

Cefepime

  1. Barreto EF, Chang J, Rule AD, et al. Population pharmacokinetic model of cefepime for critically ill adults: a comparative assessment of eGFR equations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023;67(11):e0081023. [PubMed]

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

  1. Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M, et al. Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients. Chest 2012;142(1):30-39. [PubMed]

Meropenem

  1. Kees MG, Minichmayr IK, Ganter C, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem during continuous infusion in surgical ICU patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2016;56(3):307-315. [PubMed]

Ceftazidime

  1. Georges B, Conil JM, Cougot P, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73(4):588-596. [PubMed]

Ampicillin

  1. Blum RA, Kohli RK, Harrison NJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam coadministered to subjects with normal and abnormal renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(9):1470-1476. [PubMed]

Vancomycin

  1. Matzke GR, McGory RW, Halstenson CE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25(4):433-437. [PubMed]
  2. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious MRSA infections: A revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(11):835-864. [PubMed]

Cefazolin

  1. Lavillaureix J, Brogard JM, Pinget M, Ledoux F. Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Infection 1975;3(2):105-114. [PubMed]

Ceftolozane/Tazobactam

  1. Wooley M, Miller B, Krishna G, et al. Impact of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(4):2249-2255. [PubMed]

Penicillin G

  1. Bryan CS, Stone WJ. Comparable intravascular effects of penicillin G and other antibiotics. J Clin Pharmacol 1975;15:533-535.

Cefiderocol

  1. Katsube T, Wajima T, Ishibashi T, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of cefiderocol, a parenteral siderophore cephalosporin, for dose adjustment based on renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(1):e01381-16. [PubMed]
  2. Katsube T, Echols R, Wajima T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69(Suppl 7):S552-S558. [PubMed]
  3. Sime FB, Kawaguchi N, Engel C, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefiderocol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022;61(2):165-176. [PubMed]

Ceftaroline

  1. Chauzy A, Gregoire N, Ferrandiere M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study suggests continuous infusion of ceftaroline daily dose in ventilated critical care patients with early-onset pneumonia and augmented renal clearance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77(11):3173-3179. [PubMed]

Daptomycin

  1. Dvorchik BH, Arbeit RD, Chung J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2799-2807. [PubMed]

Levofloxacin

  1. Roberts JA, Cotta MO, Cojutti P, et al. Does critical illness change levofloxacin pharmacokinetics? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016;60(3):1459-1463. [PubMed]

Linezolid

  1. Soraluce A, Asín-Prieto E, Rodríguez-Gascón A, et al. Novel population pharmacokinetic model for linezolid in critically ill patients and evaluation of the current dosing recommendations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12(1):54. [PubMed]

Imipenem

  1. Jaruratanasirikul S, Boonpeng A, Nawakitrangsan M, Samaeng M. NONMEM population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo dosing simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients with life-threatening severe infections during support with or without ECMO. Pharmacotherapy 2021;41(7):572-597. [PubMed]

Aminoglycoside PK

  1. Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650-655.
  2. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(3):650-655. [PubMed]
  3. Kashuba ADM, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr. Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(3):623-629. [PubMed]

General PK Equations

  1. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1):31-41. [PubMed]
  2. Grubb A, Nyman U, Bjork J. Simple cystatin C-based prediction equations for glomerular filtration rate. Clin Chem 2005;51(9):1420-1431.
  3. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(6):461-470.
  4. Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650-655.

Complete Bibliography

  1. Barreto EF, Chang J, Rule AD, et al. Population pharmacokinetic model of cefepime for critically ill adults: a comparative assessment of eGFR equations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023;67(11):e0081023. [PubMed]
  2. Blum RA, Kohli RK, Harrison NJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam coadministered to subjects with normal and abnormal renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33(9):1470–1476. [PubMed]
  3. Bryan CS, Stone WJ. Comparable intravascular effects of penicillin G and other antibiotics. J Clin Pharmacol 1975;15:533–535.
  4. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1):31–41. [PubMed]
  5. Chauzy A, Gregoire N, Ferrandiere M, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study suggests continuous infusion of ceftaroline daily dose in ventilated critical care patients with early-onset pneumonia and augmented renal clearance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77(11):3173–3179. [PubMed]
  6. Devine BJ. Gentamicin therapy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1974;8:650–655.
  7. DuBois D, DuBois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 1916;17:863–871.
  8. Dvorchik BH, Arbeit RD, Chung J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2799–2807. [PubMed]
  9. Georges B, Conil JM, Cougot P, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73(4):588–596. [PubMed]
  10. Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med 2021;385(19):1737–1749. [PubMed]
  11. Katsube T, Wajima T, Ishibashi T, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation of cefiderocol, a parenteral siderophore cephalosporin, for dose adjustment based on renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(1):e01381-16. [PubMed]
  12. Katsube T, Echols R, Wajima T. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69(Suppl 7):S552–S558. [PubMed]
  13. Kees MG, Minichmayr IK, Ganter C, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of meropenem during continuous infusion in surgical ICU patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2016;56(3):307–315. [PubMed]
  14. Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med 2012;367(1):20–29. [PubMed]
  15. Jaruratanasirikul S, Boonpeng A, Nawakitrangsan M, Samaeng M. NONMEM population pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo dosing simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 2021;41(7):572–597. [PubMed]
  16. Kashuba ADM, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr. Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(3):623–629. [PubMed]
  17. Lavillaureix J, Brogard JM, Pinget M, Ledoux F. Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Infection 1975;3(2):105–114. [PubMed]
  18. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(6):461–470.
  19. Matzke GR, McGory RW, Halstenson CE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25(4):433–437. [PubMed]
  20. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39(3):650–655. [PubMed]
  21. Pistolesi V, Morabito S, Di Mario F, et al. A guide to understanding antimicrobial drug dosing in critically ill patients on renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 2019;47(4):292–307.
  22. Roberts JA, Cotta MO, Cojutti P, et al. Does critical illness change levofloxacin pharmacokinetics? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016;60(3):1459–1463. [PubMed]
  23. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(11):835–864. [PubMed]
  24. Sime FB, Kawaguchi N, Engel C, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefiderocol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022;61(2):165–176. [PubMed]
  25. Soraluce A, Asín-Prieto E, Rodríguez-Gascón A, et al. Novel population pharmacokinetic model for linezolid in critically ill patients and evaluation of the current dosing recommendations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12(1):54. [PubMed]
  26. Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M, et al. Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients. Chest 2012;142(1):30–39. [PubMed]
  27. Wooley M, Miller B, Krishna G, et al. Impact of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftolozane-tazobactam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(4):2249–2255. [PubMed]